If you have permission to SSH into the remote server, use the command line to check the installed PHP version. This method is also useful for checking the PHP version installed locally. 1. Type the PHP command: php -v. 2. The php -v command works on Linux, macOS, Windows, and other supported systems. Its output contains the PHP …Kaufland | Login. Username email address or LDAP username. Password LDAP password.South Korean Won to Philippine Peso. KRW PHP. 1 KRW 0.042184 PHP. 5 KRW 0.21092 PHP. 10 KRW 0.42184 PHP. 25 KRW 1.0546 PHP. 50 KRW 2.1092 PHP. 100 KRW 4.2184 PHP. 500 KRW 21.092 PHP.Singapore Dollar to Philippine Peso. 1 SGD = 42.006376 PHP Jan 26, 2024 20:17 UTC.For Beginners to anything php, it is usually stored in the C:/ path folder of your PC (My Computer). ==On Windows== 1.Click Start Menu button 2.Type cmd and press enter to select the first program/application that responds to your search result. A black window terminal will appear, this is known as a Command Line Interpreter 3.In the …Get the latest 1 US Dollar to Philippine Peso rate for FREE with the original Universal Currency Converter. Set rate alerts for USD to PHP and learn more about US Dollars and Philippine Pesos from XE - the Currency Authority.PHP-GTK related documentation is hosted on the PHP-GTK website. Documentation of PEAR and the various packages can be found on a separate server. You can still read a copy of the original PHP/FI 2.0 Manual on our site, which we only host for historical purposes. The same applies to the PHP 3 Manual .then concatenate the "php" location you have in your pc (usually it is where your xampp is installed say c:/xampp/php) N.B : Please never forget to set semicolon (;) between your recent concatenated path and the existed path in your "Path" Something like C:\Program Files\Git\usr\bin;C:\xampp\php. Hope this will help.Happy coding.The code editor lets you write and practice different types of computer languages. It includes PHP, but you can use it for other languages too. New languages are added all the time: Learn More If you don't know PHP, we suggest that you read our PHP Tutorial from scratch. Easy Package ManagementPHP Exercises, Practice, Solution. PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions.Generally, the built-in Web Server is intended for production usage. Example #1 Starting the web server. $ cd ~/public_html $ php -S localhost:8000. The terminal will show: PHP 5.4.0 Development Server started at Thu Jul 21 10:43:28 2011 Listening on localhost:8000 Document root is /home/me/public_html Press Ctrl-C to quit. My solution in Windows: Setup a .txt file that is somewhat easily to get to and writable. Set the PHP error_log variable in the .ini file to write to that file. Open the file in Windows File Explorer and open a preview pane for it. Use the error_log ('myTest'); PHP command to send messages.Can someone explain the differences between ternary operator shorthand (?:) and null coalescing operator (??) in PHP? When do they behave differently and when in the same way (if that even happens)... PDOStatement::execute. . If the prepared statement included parameter markers, either: PDOStatement::bindParam () PDOStatement::bindValue () has to be called to bind either variables or values (respectively) to the parameter markers. Bound variables pass their value as input and receive the output value, if any, of their associated parameter ...Learn how to use PHP include and require statements to insert reusable code into your web pages. This tutorial explains the difference between include and require, how to handle errors, and how to use include_once and require_once. W3Schools PHP Include Files is a comprehensive and easy-to-follow guide for beginners and experts alike.Aug 14, 2023 · Choose to have words for the numbers in lowercase, uppercase or title case to easily copy and paste to another application. This converter will convert numbers to words and figures to words. The number to words can be done for real numbers and Scientific E Notation. Limited to use of 200 characters and 1e-200 and 1e+200. Apr 16, 2014 · Now try refreshing home.php and click on logout. Now try clicking on the back button of your browser and see what happens: As you can see, it doesn't direct you to home.php because you are logged-out. Now for the second test, try manually inputting the address localhost/MyFirstWebsite/home.php. The same case should also happen. Parameters. array. The array to iterate over callback. The callback function to use If no callback is supplied, all empty entries of array will be removed. See empty() for how PHP defines empty in this case.. mode. Flag determining what arguments are sent to callback: . ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY - pass key as the only argument to callback instead of the …intended for production usage. Generally, the built-in Web Server is intended for production usage. Example #1 Starting the web server. $ cd ~/public_html $ php -S localhost:8000. The terminal will show: PHP 5.4.0 Development Server started at Thu Jul 21 10:43:28 2011 Listening on localhost:8000 Document root is /home/me/public_html Press …PHP in Visual Studio Code. Visual Studio Code is a great editor for PHP development. You get features like syntax highlighting and bracket matching, IntelliSense (code completion), and snippets out of the box and you can add more functionality through community-created VS Code extensions.Open XAMPP Control Pane. Stop the Apache server if it was started. Then from Config button click on PHP (php.ini) item. Php.ini will open in Notepad (or a default text editor), click Ctrl + F and search for ;extension=intl and remove the semicolon. Then save and close Notepad and re-start the Apache server.worth reading for people learning about php and programming: (adding extras <?php ?> to get highlighted code) about the following example in this page manual: Example#1 Logical operators illustratedOpen a Connection to MySQL Before we can access data in the MySQL database, we need to be able to connect to the server: Example (MySQLi Object-Oriented) Get your own PHP Server <?php $servername = "localhost"; $username = "username"; $password = "password"; // Create connection $conn = new mysqli ($servername, $username, …Previous Next PHP Operators Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. PHP divides the operators in the following groups: Arithmetic operators Assignment operators Comparison operators Increment/Decrement operators Logical operators String operators Array operators Conditional assignment operators PHP Arithmetic OperatorsCreate your own server using Python, PHP, React.js, Node.js, Java, C#, etc. How To's. Large collection of code snippets for HTML, CSS and JavaScript. CSS Framework. Build fast and responsive sites using our free W3.CSS framework Browser Statistics. Read long term trends of browser usage ...Check out the 13 best PHP projects with source code in 2024 to boost your portfolio & skills, including options for PHP beginners to seasoned PHP pros. Need a discount on popular programming courses? Find them here.Return Values. Returns true if the file or directory specified by filename exists; false otherwise.. Note: . This function will return false for symlinks pointing to non-existing files.. Note: . The check is done using the real UID/GID instead of the effective one. Note: Because PHP's integer type is signed and many platforms use 32bit integers, some filesystem …6 days ago · 1 US Dollar to Philippine Peso stats Currency Information USD - US Dollar Our currency rankings show that the most popular US Dollar exchange rate is the USD to USD rate. The currency code for US Dollars is USD. The currency symbol is $. More US Dollar info PHP - Philippine Peso @emfi If you want the parameter to be sent there must be a value; you can add "selected" to the tag (ie <option value="" selected></option>) if you can tolerate having a default option in the list.You can also use CSS to make the default option invisible; however if someone selects a different option, then unselects everything.. you can wind …To solve for distance use the formula for distance d = st, or distance equals speed times time. distance = speed x time. Rate and speed are similar since they both represent some distance per unit time like miles per hour or kilometers per hour. If rate r is the same as speed s, r = s = d/t. You can use the equivalent formula d = rt which means ...PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function. Jul 12, 2023 · The table below compares the top PHP frameworks in 2023: Laminas (Zend Framework) Built-in ORM (Active Record) Zend Db (Laminas ORM) MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, etc. Built-in testing support (PHPUnit) Built-in testing support (PHPUnit) Decent number of libraries and plugins. Broad range of packages and bundles. If you have permission to SSH into the remote server, use the command line to check the installed PHP version. This method is also useful for checking the PHP version installed locally. 1. Type the PHP command: php -v. 2. The php -v command works on Linux, macOS, Windows, and other supported systems. Its output contains the PHP …Introduction. Accessors, mutators, and attribute casting allow you to transform Eloquent attribute values when you retrieve or set them on model instances. For example, you may want to use the Laravel encrypter to encrypt a value while it is stored in the database, and then automatically decrypt the attribute when you access it on an Eloquent ...If you want to know how to read if a checkbox is checked in PHP, this webpage provides you with a clear and concise answer. You will learn how to use the isset() function and the $_POST array to access the checkbox value and perform different actions based on it. You can also browse other related questions and answers on Stack …PHP Exercises, Practice, Solution. PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions.popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. Fast, flexible and pragmatic, PHP powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. What's new in 8.3 Download. 8.3.2 · Changelog · Upgrading. 8.2.15 · Changelog · Upgrading.PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode Dec 23, 2022 · 3. GooTA- Personal Portfolio HTML Template + PHP Full Functional Application. (no longer available) GooTA is a creative template created especially for blogs and portfolios. It was designed using the latest version of Bootstrap so it’s fully responsive and mobile-friendly. PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode0.01 7755126 US Dollars. 1 USD = 56.3218 PHP. We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only. You won’t receive this rate when sending money. Login to view send rates. Philippine Peso to US Dollar conversion — Last updated Jan 27, 2024, 11:55 UTC.How to use css style in php - Stack Overflow. Learn how to apply css styles to your php code, either by using inline styles or external style sheets. Find out the best practices and common pitfalls of mixing css and php. Compare your solutions with other developers and get feedback from the community.PHP is an incredibly popular programming language. Statistics say it’s used by 80% of all websites. It’s the language that powers WordPress, the widely used content management system for websites. And it also powers a lot of different frameworks that make Web Development easier, like Laravel. Speaking of Laravel, it.How to use css style in php - Stack Overflow. Learn how to apply css styles to your php code, either by using inline styles or external style sheets. Find out the best practices and common pitfalls of mixing css and php. Compare your solutions with other developers and get feedback from the community. Everywhere. Parts & Accessories. ACDelco Chemical. . Search Vehicle + Keyword, OR VIN, OR Brand, and/or Part Number, and/or KeywordSearch. ACD B2C ACD B2C. We are looking up your VIN. You can also call the script from the command line after chmod'ing the file (ie: chmod 755 file.php). On your first line of the file, enter "#!/usr/bin/php" (or to wherever your php executable is located). If you want to suppress the PHP headers, use the line of "#!/usr/bin/php -q" for your path. up. down. PHP Philippine Peso Country Philippines Region Asia Sub-Unit 1 ₱ = 100 centavos Symbol ₱ The Philippine peso derived from the Spanish silver coin Real de a Ocho or Spanish dollar, in wide circulation in the Americas and South-East Asia during the 17th and 18th centuries. The Philippine peso was introduced on May 1, 1852. PHP Exchange …Log into Facebook to start sharing and connecting with your friends, family, and people you know.Great if you like your tutorials to the point. 11. Learn-php.org Free Interactive PHP Tutorial. Learn-php.org free interactive PHP tutorial. The unique thing about this PHP tutorial is that it’s a set of interactive exercises that encourage you to try out coding and see if you can get the expected output.PHP Form Validation - W3SchoolsLearn how to validate user input in PHP forms with simple and secure methods. This tutorial covers topics such as required fields, email format, numeric values, and more. You will also find examples and exercises to practice your skills. Create your own server using Python, PHP, React.js, Node.js, Java, C#, etc. How To's. Large collection of code snippets for HTML, CSS and JavaScript. CSS Framework. Build fast and responsive sites using our free W3.CSS framework Browser Statistics. Read long term trends of browser usage ...Get Building With These PHP Projects. In this article, we share the 13 best php projects in 2024 with source code. Yes, despite JavaScript being everywhere, PHP still powers the server side of more than 75% of websites, including tech giants like WordPress, Facebook, and Wikipedia. That might surprise you!PHP - Sort Functions For Arrays. In this chapter, we will go through the following PHP array sort functions: sort () - sort arrays in ascending order. rsort () - sort arrays in descending order. asort () - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value. ksort () - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key.As of PHP 5.4, htmlspecialchars now defaults to the UTF-8 encoding. That said, many text editors default to non-UTF encodings like ISO-8859-1 (i.e. Latin-1) or WIN-1252. If you change the encoding of the file to UTF-8, the code above will now work (i.e. the ö is encoded differently in UTF-8 and ISO-8859-1, and you need the UTF-8 version). ...PDO will work on 12 different database systems, whereas MySQLi will only work with MySQL databases. So, if you have to switch your project to use another database, PDO makes the process easy. You only have to change the connection string and a few queries. With MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the entire code - queries included.The switch statement executes line by line (actually, statement by statement). In the beginning, no code is executed. Only when a case statement is found whose expression evaluates to a value that matches the value of the switch expression does PHP begin to execute the statements. PHP continues to execute the statements until the end of the ... Choose to have words for the numbers in lowercase, uppercase or title case to easily copy and paste to another application. This converter will convert numbers to words and figures to words. The number to words can be done for real numbers and Scientific E Notation. Limited to use of 200 characters and 1e-200 and 1e+200.These are the things that can be encoded in JSON. Or more accurately, these are PHP's versions of the things that can be encoded in JSON. There's nothing special about them. They are not "JSON objects" or "JSON arrays." You've decoded the JSON - you now have basic everyday PHP types.Jan 4, 2024 · Peloton. Moodle. Canva. 1. WordPress. This popular blog and content management system (CMS) is written in PHP and paired with database tools such as MySQL or MariaDB to store and retrieve information. PHP code in the CMS tool interacts with databases, obtains key information, and displays it as static HTML elements. match (PHP 8) The match expression branches evaluation based on an identity check of a value. Similarly to a switch statement, a match expression has a subject expression that is compared against multiple alternatives. Unlike switch, it will evaluate to a value much like ternary expressions.Unlike switch, the comparison is an identity check (===) rather than …Also, these settings can be overridden by PHP. In these cases the only way to show those errors is to modify your php.ini (or php-fpm.conf) with this line: display_errors = on. (if you don't have access to php.ini, then putting this line in .htaccess might work too): php_flag display_errors 1.This will make APT aware of the packages being provided by our new PHP repository. sudo apt update Copy. 6. Once the update completes, you can now download older and newer versions of PHP. In the case of Raspberry Pi OS Bullseye, this means you can gain access to no longer supported versions of PHP such as 7.3.May 5, 2012 · Generally, the built-in Web Server is intended for production usage. Example #1 Starting the web server. $ cd ~/public_html $ php -S localhost:8000. The terminal will show: PHP 5.4.0 Development Server started at Thu Jul 21 10:43:28 2011 Listening on localhost:8000 Document root is /home/me/public_html Press Ctrl-C to quit. Finally, PHP's default buffer size is 8192 bytes - enough for 143 MIME lines' worth of input. So if you read from the input file in chunks of 8151 (=57*143) bytes you will get (up to) 8151 eight-bit symbols, which encode as exactly 10868 six-bit symbols, which then wrap to exactly 143 MIME-formatted lines. There is no need to retain left-over ...Kaufland | Login. Username email address or LDAP username. Password LDAP password.Introduction. The LEMP software stack is a group of software that can be used to serve dynamic web pages and web applications written in PHP. This is an acronym that describes a Linux operating system, with an Nginx (pronounced like “Engine-X”) web server.The backend data is stored in the MySQL database and the dynamic processing …2. It is true that $_SERVER ['HTTP_ORIGIN] is not "secure" in the sense that your app has no way of verifying the true origin of the request. However, it is the browser's job to protect this header. Your app is not trying to …u - Microseconds (added in PHP 5.2.2) e - The timezone identifier (Examples: UTC, GMT, Atlantic/Azores) I (capital i) - Whether the date is in daylights savings time (1 if Daylight Savings Time, 0 otherwise) O - Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours (Example: +0100) P - Difference to Greenwich time (GMT) in hours:minutes (added in PHP 5.1.3)PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. SQL = Structured Query Language. SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics. XML = EXtensible Markup Language. The first parameter of fopen () contains the name of the file to be opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened.The configuration file ( php.ini ) is read when PHP starts up. For the server module versions of PHP, this happens only once when the web server is started. For the CGI and CLI versions, it happens on every invocation. SAPI module specific location (PHPIniDir directive in Apache 2, -c command line option in CGI and CLI) The PHPRC environment ...An e-commerce needs to store the list of products and the orders from its clients, a blog needs to store its posts’ content, and so on. Back-end languages like PHP and Python cannot “store” any information, except for some small temporary information saved in Sessions.. Therefore, web applications need a storage space where to keep all …If you want to know how to read if a checkbox is checked in PHP, this webpage provides you with a clear and concise answer. You will learn how to use the isset() function and the $_POST array to access the checkbox value and perform different actions based on it. You can also browse other related questions and answers on Stack …Step 3: Creating the Registration Form. Let's create another PHP file "register.php" and put the following example code in it. This example code will create a web form that allows user to register themselves. This script will also generate errors if a user tries to submit the form without entering any value, or if username entered by the user ...PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web development, in which case PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere. [270]Create your own server using Python, PHP, React.js, Node.js, Java, C#, etc. How To's. Large collection of code snippets for HTML, CSS and JavaScript. CSS Framework. Build fast and responsive sites using our free W3.CSS framework Browser Statistics. Read long term trends of browser usage ...PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe modeWhen PHP reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block. This will stop the execution of more code, and no more cases are tested. The last block does not need a break, the block breaks (ends) there anyway. Warning: If you omit the break statement in a case that is not the last, and that case gets a match, the next case will also be ...0.01 7755126 US Dollars. 1 USD = 56.3218 PHP. We use the mid-market rate for our Converter. This is for informational purposes only. You won’t receive this rate when sending money. Login to view send rates. Philippine Peso to US Dollar conversion — Last updated Jan 27, 2024, 11:55 UTC.PHP 3.0.18 Source Code. PHP 3.0.17 Windows binary. page for more information on the support lifetime of each version of PHP. The most recent branches to reach end of life status are: 8.0: 3 Aug 2023.Jan 2, 2024 · PHP 8.2: 265 req/s. PHP 8.3: 341 req/s. Joomla 4.3.3 performance on PHP 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3 (in requests/second). In our tests, PHP 8.1 and 8.2 benchmarks for Joomla didn’t vary significantly. On the other hand, with PHP 8.3, we saw an uplift of nearly 30%, making 8.3 the smartest choice for running your site. With its budget-friendliness, flexibility, and fast load times, PHP is a much-needed skill for employers in need of a custom coding project—especially when you consider that slow-loading websites cost retailers $2.6 billion in lost sales each year.Even when business choose to go the WordPress route, custom plugins and technical support are made …Great if you like your tutorials to the point. 11. Learn-php.org Free Interactive PHP Tutorial. Learn-php.org free interactive PHP tutorial. The unique thing about this PHP tutorial is that it’s a set of interactive exercises that encourage you to try out coding and see if you can get the expected output.You can use $_SERVER ['HTTP_REFERER'] this will give you whole URL for example: suppose you want to get url of site name www.example.com then $_SERVER ['HTTP_REFERER'] will give you https://www.example.com. Share. Improve this answer. Follow. Step 1- Create a HTML PHP Login Form. Step 2: Create a CSS Code for Website Design. In today's digital age, the importance of online security cannot be ignored. As a result, creating a login form is an essential feature for any website that requires user authentication. The following is a guide on creating a login form in PHP.PHP = PHP Hypertext Preprocessor. SQL = Structured Query Language. SVG = Scalable Vector Graphics. XML = EXtensible Markup Language. The first parameter of fopen () contains the name of the file to be opened and the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be opened.
Heredoc. A third way to delimit string s is the heredoc syntax: <<<.After this operator, an identifier is provided, then a newline. The string itself follows, and then the same identifier again to close the quotation.. The closing identifier may be indented by space or tab, in which case the indentation will be stripped from all lines in the doc string.. .in
Create your own server using Python, PHP, React.js, Node.js, Java, C#, etc. How To's. Large collection of code snippets for HTML, CSS and JavaScript. CSS Framework. Build fast and responsive sites using our free W3.CSS framework Browser Statistics. Read long term trends of browser usage ...How to use css style in php - Stack Overflow. Learn how to apply css styles to your php code, either by using inline styles or external style sheets. Find out the best practices and common pitfalls of mixing css and php. Compare your solutions with other developers and get feedback from the community. PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode Generally, the built-in Web Server is intended for production usage. Example #1 Starting the web server. $ cd ~/public_html $ php -S localhost:8000. The terminal will show: PHP 5.4.0 Development Server started at Thu Jul 21 10:43:28 2011 Listening on localhost:8000 Document root is /home/me/public_html Press Ctrl-C to quit. An e-commerce needs to store the list of products and the orders from its clients, a blog needs to store its posts’ content, and so on. Back-end languages like PHP and Python cannot “store” any information, except for some small temporary information saved in Sessions.. Therefore, web applications need a storage space where to keep all …Aug 14, 2023 · Choose to have words for the numbers in lowercase, uppercase or title case to easily copy and paste to another application. This converter will convert numbers to words and figures to words. The number to words can be done for real numbers and Scientific E Notation. Limited to use of 200 characters and 1e-200 and 1e+200. Update Data In a MySQL Table Using MySQLi and PDO. The UPDATE statement is used to update existing records in a table: UPDATE table_name. SET column1=value, column2=value2,... WHERE some_column=some_value. Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax: The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that should be …Check out the 13 best PHP projects with source code in 2024 to boost your portfolio & skills, including options for PHP beginners to seasoned PHP pros. Need a discount on popular programming courses? Find them here.The free version of Intelephense supports code formatting with the usual shortcuts ( Alt + Shift + F on Windows and Linux, ⌥⇧F on macOS). Visual Studio Code continues to lack built-in support for PHP code formatting and will direct you to the extension marketplace if you attempt to format PHP without an appropriate extension installed.PHP Version: 4+ PHP Changelog: PHP 7.2: The headers parameter also accepts an array PHP 5.4: Added header injection protection for the headers parameter. PHP 4.3.0: (Windows only) All custom headers (like From, Cc, Bcc and Date) are supported, and are not case-sensitive. PHP 4.2.3: The parameter parameter is disabled in safe mode PHP - Keep The Values in The Form. To show the values in the input fields after the user hits the submit button, we add a little PHP script inside the value attribute of the following input fields: name, email, and website. In the comment textarea field, we put the script between the <textarea> and </textarea> tags.MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ....