Ap human 2023 frq - Example: Western Europe,Japan FRQ: Negative growth, High elderly dependency ratio, guestworkers, Children=economic liability, TFR= below 2.1, Core Physiological Density Example: Egypt- 97% population on 3% land FRQ: Carrying Capacity

 
A scientific investigation into the effect of rising temperatures and CO 2 levels on sand lance development was presented. In part (a) students were expected to describe that increased biodiversity results in increased ecosystem resilience (Skill 1.A; Learning Objective [LO] SYI-3.F from the AP Biology Course and Exam Description [CED]).. Algebra 2 regents questions and answers

Timeline. 17/04/2024. The EU will adopt new sanctions on Iran. 11/12/2023. Council sanctions six individuals and five entities in view of Iran’s military support of Russia’s war …on the 30 selected slips of paper to concrete with fibers and assign the remaining 30 driveways to concrete without fibers. out P 30 white marbles and 30 black marbles in an urn and mix well.On the AP Human Geography exam, there are three FRQs: question 1 has no stimuli, question 2 has one stimulus, and question 3 has two stimuli. The stimuli can be a set of data, maps, and/or images. You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to complete all three questions, which is 25 minutes per question, though you may spend more or less time …AP HUG Free-Response Questions (FRQ) - Past Prompts. By practicing with previously released free response questions (FRQs), you’ll build critical-thinking and analytical skills that will prepare you for the exam. These past prompts have been designed to help you connect concepts and ideas to each other while applying your knowledge to …AP Human Geography score distributions, 2019 vs. 2021. The following table enables comparisons of student performance in 2021 to student performance on the comparable full-length exam prior to the covid-19 pandemic. While in most AP subjects the disruptions of this past year are evident in lower-than-usual scores, AP Human Geography is a rare ...Look at and practice free-response questions (both 2019 FRQs and older ones—all the way back to 2001—are available) View the current scoring guidelines, exam description, ... Albert offers free AP Human Geography questions on every topic covered by the AP class and categorizes them by difficulty level. The site keeps a running tally of how ...Match. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like new urbanism, greenbelts, slow growth cities and more.AP Human Geography Projections. Share. Mercator Projection. Click the card to flip 👆. -shape is only distorted a little. - shape is consistent. - landmasses closer to the poles are exaggerated. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 6.Ap Human 2023 Frq AP Environmental Science Crash Course Gayle Evans 2011-10-01 REA's AP Environmental Science Crash Course is the first book of its kind for the last-minute studier or any AP student who wants a quick refresher on the course. /Written by an AP Environmental Science teacher, theAre dimples inherited? Are moles genetic? Discover the answers to more questions about genetics and human traits.AP® Human Geography 2022 Scoring Commentary. Question 1 (continued) Canada with the example that large-scale commercial agriculture has led to increases in mechanization. The response to part C earned 1 point because it explains how the development of large-scale commercial agriculture has led to the agglomeration of food processing facilities ...My solutions for the AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism - Free Response Questions 2023 Set 1, publicly released.Problems located at https://apcentral.co...Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Chemistry 2023 Scoring Commentary. Question 7 (continued) point in part (c) was not earned for stating that [OH−] does not change. The response indicates that the reverse rate increases, but the final concentration of OH− is based on equilibrium, not on the rate at which equilibrium is ...Question 1: Methods and Control Structures—Students will be asked to write program code to create objects of a class and call methods, and satisfy method specifications using expressions, conditional statements, and iterative statements. Question 2: Classes—Students will be asked to write program code to define a new type by …1. Reduce the amount or area of suburban or urban sprawl. 8. Enable healthier lifestyles: outdoor activities, improve access to food or eliminate food deserts. 2. Increase walkability or pedestrian-friendly areas. 9. Produce architecture and design to reflect local history or culture. 3.2023 Frq Ap Human Geography Princeton Review AP Human Geography Prep, 2023 The Princeton Review 2022-10-25 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP Human Geography Prep, 15th Edition (ISBN: 9780593517215, on-sale August 2023).AP Human Geography FRQ Scoring Guidelines. Part A. Select a point value to view scoring criteria and/or examples, and to score the response. One point is earned for a correct identification. Click the card to flip 👆. The response correctly identifies that each point symbol on the map represents one million people. Click the card to flip 👆.Self Sufficiency Key Elements. Set high taxes on imported goodsForeign Countries have to get a license to import goods into a countryIndependent. An example of a self sufficient country. India. Goal of most countries. Produce goods for consumption inside the country and to be completely self sufficient. Key Elements of International Trade ...All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!31.64. The following comments on the 2023 free-response questions for AP® Human Geography were written by the Chief Reader, Lisa Benton-Short, Professor of Geography at the George Washington University. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question, including typical student errors.The 2020 free-response questions are available in the AP Classroom question bank. Download free-response questions from past AP Comparative Government and Politics exams, along with scoring guidelines and sample responses.Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...Here's my own PDF solutions for the released 2023 AP exams for AP Calculus, Statistics, and Physics. If you're looking for help in AP Physics 1, check out a new course I've put together here AP Statistics PDF SolutionYouTube SolutionsFRQ #1 FRQ #2 FRQ #3FRQ #4FRQ #5 FRQ #6AP Calculus ABPDF Solution (AB)PDF Solution (BC) …All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!6. A jewelry company uses a machine to apply a coating of gold on a certain style of necklace. The amount of gold applied to a necklace is approximately normally distributed. When the machine is working properly, the amount of gold applied to a necklace has a mean of 300 milligrams (mg) and standard deviation of 5 mg.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...We've updated the AP U.S. History document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain unchanged.AP® Human Geography 2023 Scoring Guidelines. Question 1: No Stimulus. 7 points. Define the concept of territoriality in terms of political geography. Accept one of the following: A1. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to where they live (can apply to multiple scales). AP ® World History: Modern 2023 Free-Response Questions “We consider Buddhists to be a direct threat. For over 1500 years, Buddhism has been spreading in our kingdom, yet neither happiness nor profit has been gained. This is recorded in the historical books, which Your Majesty has certainly studied thoroughly. Download our free 2023 AP Human Geo Study Tracker Notion Template. It's free for all students to use. Track your study progress, rate your confidence levels, and store notes in each study guide page. ... AP Human Geography MCQ & FRQs. AP Human Geography Multiple Choice: A complete breakdown of the multiple-choice section, … Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form. The AP Macroeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four-function ...Directions: You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of …Always expect something about women, the effects on age and sex on labor force, international organizations (both economic and political), and ESPN (economic, social, political, and environmental) effects of cities on people and the landscape. Also think about supply chains and geographical causes/effects (e.g. war, COVID)EIN-4.B.1, 4 more... Original free-response prompts for AP® Environmental Science that mimic the questions found on the real exam. Our expert authors also provide an exemplary response for each AP free response question so students can better understand what AP graders look for.Score Distributions. Sample Responses Q1. Sample Responses Q2. Sample Responses Q3. Sample Responses Q4. Sample Responses Q5. Sample Responses Q6. Sample Responses Q7. Download free-response questions from past AP Chemistry exams, along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions.Question 1. It is suggested that you spend 15 minutes reading the question, analyzing and evaluating the sources, and 40 minutes writing your response. Note: You may begin writing your response before the reading period is over. (This question counts as one-third of the total essay section score.)6. A jewelry company uses a machine to apply a coating of gold on a certain style of necklace. The amount of gold applied to a necklace is approximately normally distributed. When the machine is working properly, the amount of gold applied to a necklace has a mean of 300 milligrams (mg) and standard deviation of 5 mg.You have two hours to answer the six questions in this section. Questions 1 and 2 are long essay questions, and you are advised to spend one hour to answer these two questions. Questions 3 through 6 are short essay questions, and you are advised to spend 15 minutes on each. The proctor will announce when each time interval has elapsed, but you ...Iraq has passed a harsh anti-LGBTQ+ law which would impose heavy prison sentences on gay and transgender people. Passed quietly by the country’s parliament on …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...Directions: Questions 1-3 are long free-response questions that require about 23 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 4-7 are short free-response questions that require about 9 minutes each to answer and are worth 4 points each. For each question, show your work for each part in the space provided after that part.Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. The ...May 7, 2024 · All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day! AP Human Geography - Student Samples from the 2023 Exam Administration. Question 1: No Stimulus. 7 points. Define the concept of RNI. Accept one of the following: A1. The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate.Attached below are all of the released official 2023 AP FRQ prompts for each AP Exam! Please note that for some AP exams, only one set of FRQs were released. If your set isn't shown below, that means yours wasn't one of the main forms and/or you did late testing. Monday, May 1, 2023.Attached below are all of the released official 2023 AP FRQ prompts for each AP Exam! Please note that for some AP exams, only one set of FRQs were released. If your set isn't shown below, that means yours wasn't one of the main forms and/or you did late testing. Monday, May 1, 2023.45 Questions | 1 Hour 45 minutes | 50% of Exam Score. Part A: 30 questions; 60 minutes (calculator not permitted). Part B: 15 questions; 45 minutes (graphing calculator required). Questions include algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, and general types of functions. Questions include analytical, graphical, tabular, and verbal ...12 Mar 2021 ... 2023 AP Human Geography Review Night Before the Exam ... 5 | FRQ (Question 2: 1 Stimulus) | Practice Sessions | AP Human Geography ... 8 | FRQ ( ...This is only section 1 containing— multiple-choice questions (MCQs). There are 75 multiple-choice questions in AP Human Geography Diagnostic Test MCQ. Directions: Each of the following questions is followed by five answer choices. Choose the one answer choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Directions: You have 1 hour and 15 minutes to answer all three of the following questions. It is recommended that you spend approximately one-third of your time (25 minutes) on each question. It is suggested that you take up to 5 minutes of …Iraq has passed a harsh anti-LGBTQ+ law which would impose heavy prison sentences on gay and transgender people. Passed quietly by the country’s parliament on …Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected] with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we've applied the 2024 layout to the 2021-2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.In 2019, only 10.8% of those who took the exam scored a 5. In 2019, AP® Human Geography was the second-hardest AP® test — or, more accurately, the test that awarded the second-lowest percentage of 5s. The lowest percentage was for the AP® World History exam. Only 8.6% of students scored a 5 on that exam.(a)(i) For a statement that collisions from the water particles exert upward forces on the block and collisions from the air particles exert downward forces on the block 1 point For a statement indicating that the force from the water is greater than the force from the air 1 point Example Response2023 AP Human Geography FRQ Collaborative Rubric. May 5, 2023. Here it is! The 2023 collaborative rubric for the publicly released FRQ questions. If your students want to debrief the questions when they are released, here are some documents that can help. Option 1: Project the teacher version for students to VIEW ONLY.Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. AP® Chemistry 2023 Scoring Commentary. Question 7 (continued) point in part (c) was not earned for stating that [OH−] does not change. The response indicates that the reverse rate increases, but the final concentration of OH− is based on equilibrium, not on the rate at which equilibrium is ...Figure 1. A simplified model of the regulation of expression of Pho target genes in (A) a high-phosphate (high-Pi) environment and (B) a low-phosphate (low-Pi) environment. To study the role of the different proteins in the PHO pathway, researchers used a wild-type strain of yeast to create a strain with a mutant form of Pho81 (pho81mt) and a ...Unit 3 (Copy) Teacher 36 terms. dawn_lyon7. Preview. unit 4 part 3. 28 terms. Alyssa_Lyle76. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Demographic Transition Model, what does a stage two country look like?, Stage two of the DTM and more.In this video, we'll unpack a sample free-response question— FRQ (Question 1: No Stimulus).Download questions here: https://tinyurl.com/yvubaxw5Stay motivate...AP Psychology is an introductory college-level psychology course. Students cultivate their understanding of the systematic and scientific study of human behavior and mental processes through inquiry-based investigations as they explore concepts like the biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning and cognition, motivation, developmental psychology, testing and individual ...Rubrics Updated for 2023-24. We’ve updated the AP World History: Modern document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain ...Dec 16, 2022 · The 2024 AP Human Geography exam will be split equally between two sections: multiple-choice and free-response questions. Each section is worth 50 percent of the exam score. You will have 1 hour to answer 60 multiple-choice questions and 1 hour, 15 minutes to answer 3 free-response questions. Search up "AP Human Geography FRQ 2023" and you will see the 2 sets. 1. Reply. Aggravating-Wing-420 • 5 mo. ago. had form O, the frq was deceptively easy compared to the ones i practiced. was scared they were gonna toss in some random historical event.Ap Human Geography 2023 Frq Answers Human Geography for the AP® Course Barbara Hildebrant 2020-12-21 Study, practice, rest. Repeat. Human Geography for the AP® Course by Hildebrant et al, is perfectly aligned to College Board's APHG® course. It includes all course concepts with plentiful skills support and practice. A AP® Human Geography Scoring Statistics 2023 Free-Response Questions Set 1. Question. Mean. Standard Deviation. Number of Possible Points. 2.12. 1.85. 7. There are 3 free-response questions.: Question 1: Design an investigation presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied by either a model/visual representation or quantitative data. Question 2: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied ...the 2023 AP Human Geography Exam with this Premium version of The Princeton Review's comprehensive study guide—including 6 full-length practice tests with complete explanations, thorough content reviews, targeted strategies for every question type, and access to online extras.AP ® United States History 2023 Free-Response Questions "The Southern woman of the ante-bellum regime [was] the gracious, charming hostess, the sheltered wife and mother. . . . This is the ideal which the Southern people have been slow to give up. . . .An AP Scholar with Distinction is a student who received an average score of 3.5 on all Advanced Placement exams taken and a score of 3 or higher on five or more exams. The AP Scho...All you need to know about the AP Human Geography exam questions! We cover the logistics of the MCQ and FRQ, scoring, and helpful tips you'll find useful. Master the FRQ with practice writing prompts, and review teacher feedback on sample responses. With these examples and strategies, you'll be prepared to write great FRQs on exam day!The AP Macroeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four-function ...AP® Human Geography 2023 Scoring Guidelines. Question 1: No Stimulus. 7 points. Define the concept of territoriality in terms of political geography. Accept one of the following: A1. Territoriality is the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to where they live (can apply to multiple scales).Visit College Board on the web: collegeboard.org. 4. AP. German Language and Culture 2023 Free-Response Questions. Task 2: Argumentative Essay. You have 1 minute to read the directions for this task. Sie haben 1 Minute Zeit, die Anweisungen fr diese Aufgabe zu lesen. You will write an argumentative essay to submit to a German writing contest.Here it is! The 2023 collaborative rubric for the publicly released FRQ questions. If your students want to debrief the questions when they are released, here are some documents that can help. Option 1: Project the teacher version for students to VIEW ONLY. Review the questions with the kids and discuss what potential responses we could see.AP Biology 2023 Mrs. Jones’ Responses # 1. The addition of a phosphate group to a protein could cause the protein to have a conformational shape change. Due to this shape change, the protein can go from an active to an inactive form. During the process of a phosphorylation cascade, the intermediates that are activated will phosphorylate ...Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information ...High inputs of human labor or intensive Hand tools/limited mechanization Low technology Low inputs of human labor or extensive Machinery/mechanization High technology . Economic purpose . Family or communal For households With surplus to local markets Profit drive/agribusiness For trade Large scale markets (reg./nat./global) Size or scale of farmDownload free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at [email protected]. Note ...Here's my own PDF solutions for the released 2023 AP exams for AP Calculus, Statistics, and Physics. If you're looking for help in AP Physics 1, check out a new course I've put together here AP Statistics PDF SolutionYouTube SolutionsFRQ #1 FRQ #2 FRQ #3FRQ #4FRQ #5 FRQ #6AP Calculus ABPDF Solution (AB)PDF Solution (BC) …2024 AP Reading Schedule. For 2024, AP readers will score student responses at AP Reading sites and from home. All scoring will be done via computer. View the AP Reading Schedule. Top. Become an AP reader and gain an in-depth understanding of the AP Exam so you can better assess student work.Frq Ap Human Geography 2023 Barron's AP Psychology with CD-ROM Robert McEntarffer 2010-02-01 This updated manual presents one diagnostic test and two full-length practice tests that reflect the actual AP Psychology Exam in length, subject matter, and difficulty. All test questions are answered and explained.Ap Human Frq 2023 Barron's AP Human Geography Meredith Marsh 2012-02-01 In-depth preparation for the AP Human Geography exam features: Two full-length practice exams with answers and explanations A short diagnostic test to help students target areas where they need more study A subject review

The AP Microeconomics Exam includes two sections. The first section contains 60 multiple-choice questions. The second section is the free-response section, which includes one long question and two short questions. Below is a detailed breakdown of both the multiple choice and free-response sections. Starting with the 2023 exam, a four …. Arrowhead identification poster

ap human 2023 frq

Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. Economic (1 point) E1. Small-scale farming requires all family members to participate. E2. Men have been taking jobs in cities, on commercial farms, as labor migrants, in the military, at sea, or in mines leaving the women to grow food for home consumption and for sale. E3.Free-Response Questions from the 2023 AP Human Geography Exam Keywords Human Geography; Free-Response Questions; 2023; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice; Set 1On the AP Human Geography exam, there are three FRQs: question 1 has no stimuli, question 2 has one stimulus, and question 3 has two stimuli. The stimuli can be a set of …Timeline. 17/04/2024. The EU will adopt new sanctions on Iran. 11/12/2023. Council sanctions six individuals and five entities in view of Iran’s military support of Russia’s war …Ap Human Geography 2023 Frq Answers Princeton Review AP European History Premium Prep, 2022 The Princeton Review 2021-09-14 Make sure you're studying with the most up-to-date prep materials! Look for the newest edition of this title, The Princeton Review AP European History Premium Prep, 2023 (ISBN: 9780593450796, on-sale September 2022).Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information ...In this video, we’ll unpack a sample free-response question - FRQ (Question 1: No Stimulus).Download questions here: https://tinyurl.com/bdd67s7dStay motivat...The writing portion of AP exams is definitely the most daunting, but do not fear! Fiveable is here to give you all the tips and tricks to the AP HuG FRQs, so you can ACE the exam come May! How the AP Human Geo FRQ Works. The free-response portion of the APHuG exam consists of 3 questions, which you will have an hour and 15 minutes to complete.You have 1 hour and 40 minutes to answer all four of the following questions. It is suggested that you spend approximately 20 minutes each on Questions 1, 2, and 3 and 40 minutes on Question 4. Unless directions indicate otherwise, respond to all parts of all four questions. In your response, use substantive examples where appropriate.We've compiled a list of a bunch of the AP Human Geography past prompts! By practicing with previously released free-response questions (FRQs), you'll build critical thinking and analytical skills that will prepare you for the exam. These past prompts have been designed to help you connect concepts and ideas to each other while applying ...3 Questions | 45 Minutes | 50% of Exam Score. One of the 3 free-response questions will include an experimental or lab-based component. Questions will assess all 7 of the science practices: visual representations, question and method, representing data and phenomena, data analysis, theoretical relationships, mathematical routines, and ...Directions: Answer Question 1 and Question 2. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. Write your responses in the Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Response booklet. You must write your response to each question on the lined page designated for that response. Each response is expected to fit within the space provided. Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year. These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. 26.45. The following comments on the 2023 free-response questions for AP® Physics 1: Algebra-Based were written by the Chief Reader, Brian Utter, teaching professor and associate dean of general education at the University of California, Merced. They give an overview of each free-response question and of how students performed on the question ...Human beings belong to the primate order, which is in the mammalia class. Other members of the primate order include gorillas, apes and lemurs. Order is one of seven levels or rank....

Popular Topics